GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSING

WHAT WE KNOW

Young drivers are at a higher risk of crashes than more experienced drivers are.

• Motor vehicle crashes are the number-one killer of American teenagers.
• Young drivers have much higher fatal crash rates than do other drivers.
• Sixteen-year-old drivers in particular have higher crash rates than do drivers of any other age, including older teenagers.
• Teen drivers are far more likely than other drivers to be involved in fatal crashes because they lack driving experience and tend to take greater risks.
• The very youngest drivers are most likely to engage in risky behaviors, such as speeding and tailgating.
• Because of their inexperience, beginners are the least able of all drivers to cope with hazardous situations. When this inexperience is combined with an aggressive driving style, a high crash rate results.

There are three stages to a full model graduated licensing system, and beginners must remain in each of the first two stages for set minimum time periods. Individual states have different versions of this model.

Stage 1: Learner's Permit

Drivers must meet the following criteria.

• Meet the state's minimum age requirement for a learner's permit.
• Pass vision and knowledge tests, including rules of the road, signs, and signals.
• Complete basic vehicle skills training.
• Drive with a licensed adult (at least age 21) in the vehicle at all times.
• Make sure all occupants are wearing safety belts.
• Obey teenage passenger limitations.
• Adhere to the "zero alcohol" policy when driving.
• Carry a driver's permit that is distinctive from other driver's licenses.
• Obtain parental certification of practice hours.
• Remain crash- and conviction-free for at least six months to move to the next stage.

Stage 2: Intermediate (Provisional) License

Drivers must meet the following criteria.

• Complete Stage 1.
• Meet the state's minimum age requirement.
• Pass a behind-the-wheel road test.
• Complete advanced driver education training (e.g., safe driving decision-making, risk education, etc.).
• Make sure all occupants are wearing safety belts.
• Drive with a licensed adult in the vehicle during late-night hours (e.g., nighttime driving restriction).
• Adhere to the zero alcohol policy when driving.
• Carry a provisional license that is distinctive from a full license.
• Remain crash- and conviction-free for at least 12 consecutive months to move to the next stage.
• Complete supervised practice driving.

Stage 3: Full Licensure

Drivers must complete these final steps.

• Fulfill Stage 2 stipulations.
• Meet the state's minimum age requirements.
• Adhere to the zero alcohol policy when driving.

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